Version 1 : Received: 11 January 2024 / Approved: 12 January 2024 / Online: 12 January 2024 (09:19:52 CET) How to cite: Miike, T.; Oniki, K.; Toyoura, M.; Tonooka, S.; Tajima, S.; Saruwatari, J.; Kinoshita, J.; Konishi, Y. Misalignment of Sleep-Wake Circadian Rhythm Formation in Infant is a Possible Precursor for Future Autism Spectrum Disorder. Preprints2024, 2024010990. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202401.0990.v1 Miike, T.; Oniki, K.; Toyoura, M.; Tonooka, S.; Tajima, S.; Saruwatari, J.; Kinoshita, J.; Konishi, Y. Misalignment of Sleep-Wake Circadian Rhythm Formation in Infant is a Possible Precursor for Future Autism Spectrum Disorder. Preprints 2024, 2024010990. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202401.0990.v1 Miike, T.; Oniki, K.; Toyoura, M.; Tonooka, S.; Tajima, S.; Saruwatari, J.; Kinoshita, J.; Konishi, Y. Misalignment of Sleep-Wake Circadian Rhythm Formation in Infant is a Possible Precursor for Future Autism Spectrum Disorder. Preprints2024, 2024010990. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202401.0990.v1 APA Style Miike, T., Oniki, K., Toyoura, M., Tonooka, S., Tajima, S., Saruwatari, J., Kinoshita, J., & Konishi, Y. (2024). Misalignment of Sleep-Wake Circadian Rhythm Formation in Infant is a Possible Precursor for Future Autism Spectrum Disorder. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202401.0990.v1 Chicago/Turabian Style Miike, T., Jun Kinoshita and Yukuo Konishi. 2024 “Misalignment of Sleep-Wake Circadian Rhythm Formation in Infant is a Possible Precursor for Future Autism Spectrum Disorder” Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202401.0990.v1 Abstract We investigated if the abnormal sleep-wake rhythms in infants are related to the future development of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), using questionnaire from September to October 2016. The parents of a total 160 children with ASD (male, n=123; female, n=37) recruited from the two hospitals in K and H cities and as a control group, 145 children (male, n=75; female, n=70) recruited from four nursery schools in T city. Fisher’s exact test was used for the comparison of categorical variables. The associations of bedtime and waking time on weekdays and holidays in infancy, at 1-3≦ (1-3) years of age and at 3-5 ≦ (3-5)years of age with the prevalence of ASD were analyzed using a multivariable logistic regression analysis. Especially by 3 years of age, the following factors were associated with an increased risk of developing ASD in the future: 1) short sleep (<8h), 2) long time to fall asleep (>60min), 3) sleep onset time after 22:00h, 4) wake-up time after 07:00h and/or 08:00h on weekdays and holidays, respectively, 5) frequent (>3 times) and long-term awakening (>60min). Misalignment and/or shift of the sleep-wake circadian rhythm in infant may be one of the precursors and/or risk factor to the future development of ASD. Biology and Life Sciences, Neuroscience and Neurology Copyright: This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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